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Closures are one of the most powerful — yet often misunderstood — concepts in JavaScript.
A closure is essentially a function that remembers the lexical scope in which it was created, even after that scope has finished executing.

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🔍 How Closures Work

When a function is defined inside another function, it gains access to all the variables from the parent function.
This access persists even after the parent function has completed.

function createCounter() {
  let count = 0;

  return function() {
    count++;
    return count;
  };
}

const myCounter = createCounter();
console.log(myCounter()); // 1
console.log(myCounter()); // 2
console.log(myCounter()); // 3

Here, the returned function continues to access the variable count thanks to the closure.

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💡 Real-world Use Cases

• Encapsulation: emulate private variables.
• Factories: dynamically generate specialized functions.
• Callbacks & Event Handlers: maintain context in asynchronous environments.

Closures form the foundation of many modern coding patterns — including React Hooks.

TypeScript was created to solve one of JavaScript’s most recurring problems: the lack of static typing.
While this might not matter in small projects, in large-scale collaborative applications it makes all the difference.

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🚀 Key Advantages

1. Static Typing: prevents common runtime errors.
2. Powerful Autocompletion: editors like VSCode become dramatically more productive.
3. Code Contracts: improves team collaboration by defining clear expectations.

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✨ Simple Example

function sum(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a + b;
}

sum(2, 3);   // ✅ Works
sum('2', 3); // ❌ Compile-time error

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⚛️ React Integration

type ButtonProps = {
  label: string;
  onClick: () => void;
};

function Button({ label, onClick }: ButtonProps) {
  return <button onClick={onClick}>{label}</button>;
}

This contract guarantees that consumers always provide a string label and a function — reducing bugs in production.

Writing reusable components in React is not just about organization — it's the key to scalability.
A good component should be predictable, composable, and easy to maintain.

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🧩 Core Principles

• Single Responsibility: one component, one job.
• Composition over Inheritance: leverage children to compose UIs.
• Custom Hooks: separate business logic from UI.

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⚙️ Practical Example

function Card({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return <div className="p-4 shadow-lg rounded-xl">{children}</div>;
}

<Card>
  <h1>Title</h1>
  <p>Content inside the card</p>
</Card>

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🚫 Common Pitfalls

• Creating “Swiss Army knife” components that attempt to solve every use case.
• Mixing business logic inside UI components instead of extracting hooks.